North Macedonia — Cyber Threat Profile

North Macedonia adopted its first national cybersecurity strategy in 2018 and formalized cyber defence cooperation with NATO upon joining the Alliance in 2021. The national CERT, MKD-CIRT, handles incident response, and the country's framework is explicitly modelled on EU and NATO standards, reflecting strong accession ambitions. The country participated in EU-funded cyber rapid response exercises alongside Montenegro and Albania. Internet penetration is at approximately 84%, and the rapid rollout of digital government services, including digital ID in 2021, has expanded the attack surface. The country ranks alongside Montenegro and Bulgaria in the ITU's third tier.

National CERT/CSIRT: MKD-CIRT
Data protection authority: Direction de la protection des données personnelles (source: CNIL)
Secure Internet servers per 1M people (2024): 2,068.1 (source: World Bank)
Internet users (2025): 93.1% of population (source: World Bank)

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